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John Ronald Reuel Tolkien was born on 3 January 1892 in Bloemfontein in the Orange Free State (later annexed by the British Empire now Free State Province in the Republic of South Africa), to Arthur Reuel Tolkien (1857–1896), an English bank manager, and his wife Mabel, née Suffield (1870–1904).

Childhoodġ892 Christmas card with a coloured photo of the Tolkien family in Bloemfontein, sent to relatives in Birmingham, England Tolkien was aware of the Tolkien family's German origin, his knowledge of the family's history was limited because he was 'early isolated from the family of his prematurely deceased father'. However, Derdziński has demonstrated this to be a false etymology. Tolkien mistakenly believed his surname derived from the German word tollkühn, meaning 'foolhardy', and jokingly inserted himself as a 'cameo' into The Notion Club Papers under the literally translated name Rashbold. Īccording to Ryszard Derdziński, the Tolkien name is of Low Prussian origin and probably means 'son/descendant of Tolk'. Tolkien, live in northern Germany, but most of them are descendants of people who evacuated East Prussia in 1945, at the end of World War II. Several people with the surname Tolkien or similar spelling, some of them members of the same family as J. Other German relatives also joined the two brothers in London. Daniel Gottlieb obtained British citizenship in 1794, but John Benjamin apparently never became a British citizen. In 1792 John Benjamin Tolkien and William Gravell took over the Erdley Norton manufacture in London, which from then on sold clocks and watches under the name Gravell & Tolkien. His son Christian Tolkien (1706–1791) moved from Kreuzburg to nearby Danzig, and his two sons Daniel Gottlieb Tolkien (1747–1813) and Johann (later known as John) Benjamin Tolkien (1752–1819) emigrated to London in the 1770s and became the ancestors of the English family the younger brother was J. Michel's son Christianus Tolkien (1663–1746) was a wealthy miller in Kreuzburg. The Tolkien family originated in the East Prussian town of Kreuzburg near Königsberg, which had been founded during medieval German eastward expansion, where his earliest-known paternal ancestor Michel Tolkien was born around 1620. Tolkien's immediate paternal ancestors were middle-class craftsmen who made and sold clocks, watches and pianos in London and Birmingham. 3.2.8 Works compiled by Christopher Tolkien.3.2.7 Unfinished Tales and The History of Middle-earth.3.2.3 Children's books and other short works.3.2.1 ' Beowulf: The Monsters and the Critics'.This has caused Tolkien to be popularly identified as the 'father' of modern fantasy literature-or, more precisely, of high fantasy. While many other authors had published works of fantasy before Tolkien, the great success of The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings led directly to a popular resurgence of the genre. Between 19, Tolkien applied the term legendarium to the larger part of these writings. These, together with The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings, form a connected body of tales, poems, fictional histories, invented languages, and literary essays about a fantasy world called Arda and, within it, Middle-earth.

He was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire by Queen Elizabeth II on 28 March 1972.Īfter Tolkien's death, his son Christopher published a series of works based on his father's extensive notes and unpublished manuscripts, including The Silmarillion. Lewis, a co-member of the informal literary discussion group The Inklings. He then moved within the same university, to become the Merton Professor of English Language and Literature and Fellow of Merton College, positions he held from 1945 until his retirement in 1959. John Ronald Reuel Tolkien CBE FRSL ( / ˈ r uː l ˈ t ɒ l k iː n/, ROOL TOL-keen 3 January 1892 – 2 September 1973) was an English writer, poet, philologist, and academic, best known as the author of the high fantasy works The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings.įrom 1925-45, Tolkien was the Rawlinson and Bosworth Professor of Anglo-Saxon and a Fellow of Pembroke College, both at the University of Oxford.

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